九游体育下载|澳洲球队实力积极，勇争前途成绩令人期待

　　根据权威中文媒体所述，由于日本在山本56在43年所罗门群岛遇难前动用了外交密码，山本56的行程被中国密码破译员池步洲所破译，并交与美国，然后才有山本56坐机被击落一事。

　　由于在山本遇难前，日海军更改了密码：从JN-25变成JN-25D，而日方认为JN-25D日海军密码是不可能在短期内被美军破译的。

　　但我今天已有证据，证明美军在42年1月从一艘日军潜艇残骸中俘获日海军密码JN-26B后以摸清日海军密码变动的规律，并在43年只用一天时间即可破译日海军新密码JN-25D。由此看来，破译山本行程的功臣仍是美国自己，而池步洲破译的日外交密码就是有也显得失去了效用。

　　证据如下：

　　The National Interest MAGAZINE BLOGS TOPICS REGIONS FOREIGN POLICY EXPERTS ROUNDTABLELOG IN SUBSCRIBETwitterFacebook

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　　How the U.S. Assassinated the Japanese Admiral Who Planned Pearl Harbor

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　　美国如何暗杀计划攻击珍珠港的日本海军大将

　　April 16, 2017TweetShareSharePrinter-friendly version

　　迈克尔·佩克2017年4月16日TweetShareShare打印版本

　　Some sixty-eight years before U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden, America conducted an assassination of another kind.

　　在美国特种部队打死了乌萨马·本·拉丹的六十八年之前，美国又进行了另外一种暗杀

　　This time, the target wasn’t a terrorist. It was the Japanese admiral who planned the Pearl Harbor operation. But the motive was the same:九游体育官网 payback for a sneak attack on the United States.

　　那一次，目标不是恐怖分子。而是一位策划了偷袭珍珠港的日本海军大将。但动机是一样的：都是对美国的卑鄙袭击的回报。

　　In early 1943, Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, commander in chief of the Japanese Navy, was one of the most hated men in America. He was seen as the Asian Devil in naval dress, the fiend who treacherously struck peaceful, sleeping America. And when the United States saw a chance for payback in April 1943, there was no hesitation. Hence a code name unmistakable in its intent: Operation Vengeance.

　　1943年初，日本海军司令长山本56（Isoroku Yamamoto）是美国最受憎恶的人之一。他九游体育被视为海军服装中的亚洲魔鬼，那个凶狠地和平地睡着了美国的恶魔。当美国在1943年4月看到一个回报机会时，毫不犹豫。因此，一个代码名称无疑是其意图：复仇行动。

　　As with today’s drone strikes, the operation began with an intercepted message. Except it wasn’t a call from a cell phone, but rather a routine military radio signal. In the spring of 1943, Japan was in trouble: the Americans had captured Guadalcanal despite a terrible sacrifice of Japanese ships and aircraft. Stung by criticism that senior commanders were not visiting the front to ascertain the situation, Yamamoto resolved to visit naval air units on the South Pacific island of Bougainville.

　　与今天的无人机打击一样，操作开始于截获的敌方讯息。除了不是来自手机的呼叫，而是一个常规的军用无线电信号。 1943年春天，日本陷入困境：尽管日本的船只和飞机遭受了巨大的牺牲，但美国人已经夺取了瓜达尔卡纳岛。受到批评，日本高级指挥官没有前来确定战况，山本决定巡视南太平洋布干维尔岛的日海军部队。

　　As was customary, a coded signal was sent on April 13, 1943, to the various Japanese commands in the area, listing the admiral’s itinerary as well as the number of transport planes and fighter escorts in his party. But American codebreakers had been reading Japanese diplomatic and military messages for years, including those in the JN-25 code, used in various forms by the Imperial Navy throughout World War II. The Yamamoto signal was sent in the new JN-25D variant, but that didn’t stop American cryptanalysts from deciphering it in less than a day.

　　按照习惯，1943年4月13日发送了一个编码信号给该地区的各种日本指挥官，列出了海军大将的行程，以及其大型坐机和护送战斗机的数量。但美国的密码破译者多年来一直在破解日本的外交和军事信息，其中包括在二战期间帝国海军以各种形式使用的JN-25守则。虽然这次山本信号发送的是全新的JN-25D变体加密，但并没有阻止美国密码分析家在不到一天的时间内破译。[ 转自铁血社区https://bbs.tiexue.net/post_12565177_1.html/ ]

　　Adm. Chester Nimitz, the U.S. commander in the Pacific, authorized an operation to shoot down Yamamoto’s plane. With typical spleen, Pacific Fleet commander William “Bull” Halsey issued his own unambiguous message: “TALLY HO X LET’S GET THE BASTARD.”

　　美国太平洋总司令切斯特·尼米兹（Chester Nimitz）授权一个行动打下山本的飞机。凭借典型的豪气，太平洋舰队司令威廉“公牛”哈尔西发出了自己的明确信息：“你好，我要得到这婊子养的”

　　Yet getting Yamamoto was easier said than done. Navy and Marine fighters like the F4F Wildcat and F4U Corsair didn’t have the range to intercept Yamamoto’s aircraft over Bougainville, four hundred miles from the nearest American air base on Guadalcanal. The only fighter with long enough legs was the U.S. Army Air Forces’ twin-engined Lockheed P-38G Lightning.

　　但是，拿下山本容易说出来但做出来难。像F4F Wildcat和F4U Corsair这样的海军和海军战斗机在Guadalcanal距离最近的美国空军基地也有四百英里的距离，因为距离太远而没有拦截山本的飞机在布干维尔的能力。唯一拥有足够长的飞行战斗距离的战机是美国陆军空军双引擎的洛克希德P-38G闪电型。

　　But even the P-38s faced a difficult task. To avoid detection, American planners wanted them to fly “at least 50 miles offshore of these islands, which meant dead-reckoning over 400 miles over water at fifty feet or less, a prodigious feat of navigation,” according to a history of the Thirteenth Fighter Command, the parent organization of the 339th Fighter Squadron that flew the mission.

　　但即使P-38也面临着艰巨的任务。为避免发现，美国规划人员希望美机能够飞离距离这些岛屿至少五十英里的海域飞行，这意味着距离水面不到五十英尺以下的贴水面飞行并在水面上超过四百英里的航行计算，这是一个非常出色的导航功能（高空看的远，不容易有方向性的飞行错误，而贴水面飞行容易失去飞行方向与目标），“根据第十三战斗机队的上司，第339战斗机中队的组织这次飞行任务的记录。[ 转自铁血社区 https://www.tiexue.net/ ]

　　Even worse, the Lightnings had no AWACS radar aircraft or land-based radar to guide them to the target, or even to tell them where Yamamoto’s plane was. Nor could the U.S. aircraft loiter over Bougainville in the midst of numerous Japanese fighter bases. They would essentially have to intercept Yamamoto where and when he was scheduled to be.

　　更糟的是，美军快速打击机群没有AWACS雷达飞机或陆上雷达来引导他们到攻击目标，甚至告诉他们山本的飞机在哪里（精确）。美国的飞机在布干维尔地区上空飞行，而那里又有众多的日本战斗机基地。但美军必须拦截山本56不论他在何时何地的被安排。

　　However, by calculating the speed of the Japanese G4M Betty bomber that would carry Yamamoto, probable wind speed, the enemy’s probable flight path, and assuming that Yamamoto would be as punctual as he was reputed to be, American planners estimated the intercept would occur at 9:35 a.m.

　　然而，通过计算携带山本的日本G4M贝蒂轰炸机的速度，可能的风速，敌人的可能的飞行路线，假设山本的行程将被视为准时，美国计划者估计拦截将发生在上午9:35

　　The Americans assigned eighteen P-38s for the mission, of which a flight of four would pounce on Yamamoto’s plane, while the remainder would climb above as top cover against Japanese fighters. Two Lightnings aborted on the way to Bougainville, leaving just sixteen to perform the mission.

　　美国人派出了十八架P-38型飞机，其中一架四架飞机将着重打击山本的坐机，而其余的将会爬上日本战斗机的高空。两架快速攻击机在去布干维尔的路上警戒，只剩下十六架执行任务。[ 转自铁血社区 https://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]

　　That the Americans arrived just a minute early, at 9:34, was remarkable. Even more remarkable was that the Japanese appeared on time a minute later. Flying at 4,500 feet were two Betty bombers, one carrying Yamamoto and the other his chief of staff, Vice Admiral Matome Ugaki. They were escorted by six A6M Zero fighters keeping watch 1,500 feet above them.

　　美国人早上9点34分到达现场，比预定时间早上了一分钟，这是非常准确的。更令人惊奇的是，日本人在一分钟后才出现。 4,500英尺的飞行是是两架贝蒂轰炸机，一架是山本坐机，另一名是他的参谋长，Matome Ugaki海军大将。他们被六名A6M零式战机护送，保持在山本与Ugaki大将贝蒂坐机的上方1500英尺的位置。

　　Still undetected, twelve Lightnings climbed to eighteen thousand feet. The remaining four attacked the Bettys, with the first pair, flown by Capt. Thomas Lanphier Jr. and Lt. Rex Barber, closing in for the kill. As the two bombers dived to evade the interceptors, the American pilots couldn’t even be sure which one carried Yamamoto.

　　仍然未被发现，十二个快速攻击机登上一万八千英尺。剩下的四人袭击了日军贝蒂，第一对由托马斯·兰菲尔（Thomas Lanphier Jr.）和雷克斯·巴伯（Lt.Rex Barber）开枪，打掉了。由于两架贝蒂轰炸机下逃而逃避拦截，美国飞行员甚至无法确定哪一个是山本坐机。

　　Lanphier engaged the escorts while Barber pursued the two bombers. Barber’s cannon shells and bullets slammed into the first Betty, an aircraft model notorious for being fragile and flammable. With its left engine damaged, it slammed into the jungle. Then the second Betty, attacked by three of the P-38s, crashed into the water.

　　当巴伯（Lt.Rex Barber）追求两架轰炸机时，Lanphier从事护送。巴伯（Lt.Rex Barber的炮弹和子弹打中了第一个贝蒂，那一个臭名昭着的脆弱易燃的飞机模型。随着它的左引擎损坏，它砰的入丛林。然后，被三架P-38攻击的第二台贝蒂坠入海水中。[ 转自铁血社区https://bbs.tiexue.net/post_12565177_1.html/ ]

　　The Americans had lucked out again: the Betty that crashed into the jungle, killing its crew and passengers, had carried Yamamoto. From the Betty that hit the water, Admiral Ugaki survived (hours after Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945, Ugaki took off in a kamikaze and was never heard from again).

　　美国人又在走运：撞上丛林的飞机贝蒂，杀死了驾驶员和乘客，包括山本。而被打落水的飞机贝蒂，乘客Ugaki海军大将幸存（1945年8月15日宣布日本投降后的几个小时，Ugaki驾驶一架自杀攻击机起飞，从未再次听到他的消息）。LZ:可能开飞机自尽。

　　A Japanese search party hacked through the jungle until they found Yamamoto’s plane. “Afterward the Admiral’s body and the others were cremated and the ashes put into boxes,” recounts the Thirteenth Fighter Command history. “His cremation pit was filled, and two papaya trees, his favorite fruit, were planted on the mound. A shrine was erected, and Japanese naval personnel cared for the graves until the end of the war.”

　　一个日本的搜寻队伍闯入丛林直到他们找到山本的飞机。 “之后，海军大将（山本）的尸体和其他战死者被火化，灰烬放进了盒子里，”根据第十三战斗机队指挥官写下的历史： “他的火葬坑已经满了，两棵木瓜树，他最喜欢的水果，种植在坟堆上。立了一个神位，日本的海军人员一直打理这坟墓直到战争结束。”

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　　Yamamoto’s remains were returned to Japan aboard the super battleship Musashi in May 1943 for a state funeral that drew a million mourners. For the Americans, euphoria and satisfaction were dogged by postwar controversy that lasted for sixty years over who actually shot down Yamamoto’s plane: Barber and Lanphier were credited with a half kill apiece, though many critics said Barber should have received full credit.[ 转自铁血社区https://www.tiexue.net/ ]

　　1943年5月，山本的遗体在超级战列舰武藏返回日本，为一场国家葬礼，吸引了百万哀悼者。对于美国人来说，幸福和满足感受到了战后反被争议的困扰，持续了六十年的时间，是谁实际打落了山本的飞机：巴伯和拉斐尔在战功上是争的半死，尽管许多评论家说，巴伯应该已经获得了充分的信誉。

　　The irony was that Yamamoto was not the worst of America’s enemies. He was no pacifist, but nor was he as militaristic as the hard-core Japanese hard-liners. Yamamoto opposed the 1940 alliance with Nazi Germany, which he feared would drag Japan into a ruinous war. While he didn’t oppose war as a means of saving Japan from a crippling U.S. oil embargo in 1941 (his depiction as a peacemonger in the movie Tora! Tora! Tora! is wrong), he did warn Japanese leaders that “in the first six to twelve months of a war with the United States and Great Britain, I will run wild and win victory upon victory. But then, if the war continues after that, I have no expectation of success.”

　　讽刺的是，山本不是美国最糟糕的敌人。他不是和平主义者，但也不是像日本死硬军人那样的军国主义。山本反对1940年与纳粹德国的联盟，他担心会把日本拖入一场毁灭性的战争。虽然他没有反对战争，是为了挽救日本在1941年的美国石油禁运瘫痪（他在电影“Tora！Tora！Tora！中的和平形像是被美化）的手段，但他曾经提醒日本领袖说：与美英战争六至十二个月，我将勇往直前，赢得胜利。但是，如果战争继续下去，我不期待会成功。“

　　Did Yamamoto’s death affect the war? His Pearl Harbor operation was audacious and brilliant, but his poor strategy at Midway six months later destroyed Japan’s elite aircraft carrier force (ironically, it was also U.S. codebreaking that set the stage for the Midway disaster). By 1943, he was a sick and exhausted man. Perhaps he might have come up with a better late-war naval strategy than the disastrous battles of the Philippine Sea and Leyte Gulf. Yet not even the architect of Pearl Harbor could save Japan from defeat.

　　山本的死亡影响了战争吗？他的珍珠港行动是大胆和辉煌的，但他六个月后在中途岛的糟糕策略摧毁了日本的精英航空母舰（讽刺的是，这也是美国的密码破译者，为日本在中途岛灾难奠定了基础）。到1943年，他是一个生病和疲惫的人。或许他可能想出了比菲律宾海和莱特湾的灾难性的战争更好的后期战争海军战略。然而，即使是攻击珍珠港的策划者也不能挽救日本的失败。

　　Yamamoto’s assassination is still significant because it has been cited as a precedent for today’s drone strikes. To be clear, there is no doubt that assassinating Yamamoto was legal according to the laws of war. He was an enemy soldier in uniform, flying in an enemy military aircraft that was attacked by uniformed U.S. military personnel in marked military aircraft. This is nothing new. In 1942, British commandos unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Rommel, and modern militaries devote great efforts to locating enemy headquarters to kill commanders and staffs.[ 转自铁血社区 https://bbs.tiexue.net/ ]

　　山本的暗杀仍然是重要的，因为它被认为是今天无人机斩首攻击的先例。要明确的是，毫无疑问，根据战争法，暗杀山本是合法的。他是制服的敌军士兵，在一架敌方军用飞机上飞行，这架军用飞机被美军军装人员攻击。这不是什么新鲜事。1942年，英军突击队员不成功的试图暗杀隆梅尔，同时，今天的现代军队也一直努力寻找敌方总部并杀死指挥官和工作人员。

　　But what’s really interesting is that compared with the controversy over today’s targeted assassinations, there was remarkably little fuss made over the decision to kill Yamamoto. The U.S. military treated it as a purely military matter that didn’t need civilian approval. Admiral Nimitz authorized the interception, and the orders were passed down the military chain of command. There was no presidential decision nor Justice Department review.

　　但真正有趣的是，与今天针对性暗杀的争议相比，在杀死山本的决定方面，这一点并不大大。美国军方认为这是纯粹的军事问题，无需人民核准。 尼米兹海军上将授权拦截山本，命令通过军事链被传递。没有总统决定，也没有司法部的审查。

　　Yamamoto’s death was significant on the symbolic level. But in military terms, he was just another casualty of war.

　　山本的死亡在代表意义层面上是重要的。但在军事上，他只是另一场战争的伤亡者。